Kejadian 10:10

10:10 The primary regions ¹  of his kingdom were Babel, ²  Erech, ³  Akkad, ⁴  and Calneh ⁵  in the land of Shinar. ⁶ 

Kejadian 11:2

11:2 When the people ⁷  moved eastward, ⁸  they found a plain in Shinar ⁹  and settled there.

Kejadian 14:1

The Blessing of Victory for God’s People

14:1 At that time ¹⁰  Amraphel king of Shinar, ¹¹  Arioch king of Ellasar, Kedorlaomer king of Elam, and Tidal king of nations ¹² 

[10:10]  ¹ tn Heb “beginning.” E. A. Speiser, Genesis (AB), 67, suggests “mainstays,” citing Jer 49:35 as another text where the Hebrew noun is so used.

[10:10]  ² tn Or “Babylon.”

[10:10]  ³ sn Erech (ancient Uruk, modern Warka), one of the most ancient civilizations, was located southeast of Babylon.

[10:10]  ⁴ sn Akkad, or ancient Agade, was associated with Sargon and located north of Babylon.

[10:10]  ⁵ tn No such place is known in Shinar (i.e., Babylonia). Therefore some have translated the Hebrew term כַלְנֵה (khalneh) as “all of them,” referring to the three previous names (cf. NRSV).

[10:10]  ⁶ sn Shinar is another name for Babylonia.

[11:2]  ⁷ tn Heb “they”; the referent (the people) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

[11:2]  ⁸ tn Or perhaps “from the east” (NRSV) or “in the east.”

[11:2]  ⁹ tn Heb “in the land of Shinar.”

[11:2]  sn Shinar is the region of Babylonia.

[14:1]  ¹⁰ tn The sentence begins with the temporal indicator וַיְהִי (vayÿhi) followed by “in the days of.”

[14:1]  ¹¹ sn Shinar (also in v. 9) is the region of Babylonia.

[14:1]  ¹² tn Or “king of Goyim.” The Hebrew term גּוֹיִם (goyim) means “nations,” but a number of modern translations merely transliterate the Hebrew (cf. NEB “Goyim”; NIV, NRSV “Goiim”).